转抗虫基因作物的新策略发展
随着生物技术的迅猛发展,围绕Bt的研究也不再局限于菌株的分离、鉴定、生产和发酵等,1981年科学家分离得到第一个编码杀虫晶体蛋白的cry基因,截至2015年底,已报道的Bt基因已达到813种。
自20世纪80年代中期开始,基于清晰的Bt蛋白的杀虫机制与广泛应用,科学家提出应用植物基因工程手段进行抗虫转基因育种,把Bt基因直接转入植物细胞,这就像为植物打疫苗,使植物自己获得抗击虫害的能力。

在转Bt作物中,效果最好、应用最广的为抗虫棉。棉花生产受到害虫的严重危害,棉铃虫是棉花的天敌之一,棉花一旦被侵害,植株就会变黄、发蔫,甚至无法开花、吐絮,造成棉田减产,棉农减收。
早期,人们防治棉铃虫主要以化学农药喷施为主,但长期使用会使害虫产生抗药性,且农药对人体有害,容易中毒,对环境也会造成严重污染。
1987年,美国Agracetus公司首次报道将外源Bt杀虫蛋白基因转入棉花。
1990年,美国孟山都公司将BtCrylA基因转入柯字312棉,后经进一步研究和改进,成功地培育出多个转Bt基因抗虫棉品种,最后大面积种植。
1997年,美国种植100多万公顷抗虫棉,平均增产7%。我国是继美国后世界上第二个培育出抗虫棉的国家,抗虫棉的应用遍布全国,已全面替代进口品种。
多年的农田试验表明,转基因棉花使棉花杀虫剂等化学农药的使用量减少40-60%,化学农药大量减少,降低对环境的污染,也减少人畜中毒事件的发生,同时也减少农药对与棉花间作套种作物的污染,提高这些作物的安全性,这更有利于棉花立体种植,降低植棉成本,增加效益,形成良性循环。
到目前为止,除棉花、玉米、水稻等常见大田作物外,Bt基因也成功转入马铃薯、番茄、杨树等农作物和林木中。
具有抗虫能力的基因并不限于Bt中的cry系列基因,科学家还发现其他抗虫基因。另外,科学家正致力于研究转基因抗虫作物的新策略。德国科学家开发RNA干扰策略,此策略生产出的抗虫转基因马铃薯没有转入外源蛋白,只在叶绿体或者其他质体内转入一种双链RNA,就可以特异性地干扰不同害虫的不同基因,影响害虫的生长发育。
目前已在棉花、玉米、水稻、大豆、马铃薯、番茄、烟草、葡萄、油菜、甜菜、向日葵等多种作物上进行试验。
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