Basic Knowledge Of Official Document Writing In 2012

Section 1 Summary of official documents

What is? Document Official document is the abbreviation of official document. It is a written material made by a level organ in the administrative management process in accordance with the prescribed format for handling official duties.

Official documents are party organizations, state organs, enterprises, institutions, schools, etc. in party affairs, government affairs, and technical activities. Economics A product of official activities, etc.; a document is declared or communicated. policy A tool for decrees, directing work, reporting and coordinating national affairs.

Official documents play a direct role in guiding. This guiding role includes command, legal, executive, directive, propaganda, educational and negotiation functions. Wait.

Writing documents can not be separated from policies and laws, and must conform to the principles, policies, laws and regulations of the party and government. Only by constantly improving the level of official document writing can we constantly improve the quality of writing and enable the official document to play its special functions.

According to the regulations issued by the general office of the State Council on November 1993 issued by the Executive Office of the State Administration, there are 12 types and 13 kinds of official documents in our country: (1) Order (decree); second, motions; third, decisions; 4. Instructions; 5 notices, notices; notifications; bulletins; reports; requests; 10 replies; 11 letters; 12 minutes of meetings. According to the regulations on the handling of official documents of the Communist Party of China issued in May 1996 by the general office of the Central Committee of the CPC, there are 14 kinds of official documents of the party organs at various levels in China: 1. Resolutions; 2. Decisions; 3. Instructions; 4 opinions; notifications; bulletins; bulletins; report; 10 requests; 11 regulations; 12 stipulations; 13 letters; 14 minutes.

The above two documents are the basis for the issuance of official documents in party and government organs, and also become the basis for selecting general documents and documents in enterprises, institutions, social organizations and industries. Of course, some full-time organs, such as military, diplomatic, economic and legal institutions, also have some special documents.

The handling procedures of official documents generally include: (1) receipt; second, separate and run; 3. Push; 4. Draft; 5. Examine and issue; issue number, print and distribute; file up (file); destroy. Drafting is directly related to writing.

Two. The format and elements of official documents HT KH*3/4. The official document has a prescribed format, and the official document should be written in a prescribed format. This can ensure the integrity, accuracy and procedure of official documents, and facilitate the handling of official documents and improve the efficiency of writing documents.

The format elements of official documents generally include:

(1) the issuing organ (version head)

The issuing organ is the author of the official document, and the issuing organ shall write the full name or standardization abbreviation of the organ. Governments at the same level, government departments, government departments at higher levels and lower levels of government can jointly write articles, and governments at all levels and their departments can join forces with the Standing Committee of the same level, the army, people's organizations and institutions and companies that perform administrative functions. Several organs should jointly arrange for the host organs to be arranged in advance.

The first page is the mark of the issuing organ. At present, there are three kinds of official documents in China:

1. It is composed of the full name of the issuing organ or the standardized "abbreviation" plus "document", which is centered on the big character red and printed on the top of the home page of the document, commonly known as "big print head". For example, "Zhejiang Provincial People's government document" and "Zhejiang Provincial Personnel Office document".

2, the full name or standardization of the issuing organs should be used to mark the names of the languages in addition to circular brackets. For example, "Zhejiang Provincial People's Government (notice)" and "Municipal Education Committee (letter)".

3, the official letter printed with the full name of the issuing organ is used as the first page.

As for the joint writing of several organs, the official organ of the official document can be used as the head of a publication, or the head of all joint language organs can be used.

(two) the official document No. HT. The official document number is the serial number of each document printed in the same official document. It is located in the upper left corner of the plate and is marked with the Arabia numeric code to control the flow of each document. Top secret and confidential documents should be marked.

(three) the classification of official secrets is classified into three categories: "top secret", "confidential" and "secret". It is determined by the issuing organ according to the provisions of the "state secrets law of the People's Republic of China" and its implementation rules, the state secrets formulated by the central and state ministries, commissions, offices and bureaus, and the specific scope of their classified levels, etc., and are marked on the top left corner "official document number" of the first edition of the HT. The specific mark is "sex", "before", the former is classified as secret grade, and the latter is confidential. Without marking the duration of secrecy, secrets, secrets and secrets can be identified in 30 years, 20 years and 10 years respectively.

(four) emergency level

Emergency degree refers to the requirement of document delivery and processing speed. The urgent documents are divided into two categories: "urgent" and "urgent". The telegrams respectively marked "urgent" and "urgent".

(five) the issuing number of HT is the official document number, or short name, issued by the issuing organ. The text number is composed of three parts: the issuing organ, the year of dispatch, and the order number. The year of issue is enclosed in six brackets. For example, the document No. twelfth issued by the State Council in 1998 is issued in the name of "Guo Fa [1998] 12". The letter number is located at the middle between the first page and the red line. It is issued on the right upper side of the title with a public letter paper. Several organs jointly issue documents, generally indicating the name of the organizer.

(six) issuers of issuers are different from signers. A signature is a document that needs to be issued under the name of the head of this organ. It can only be issued after signature or signature signature. There are two situations for the issuer: one is that the person in charge of the agency agrees to print the name after signing the manuscript; the two is to submit the instructions and reports to the higher authorities, which must indicate the issuer. This refers to the latter case. The name of the issuer is posted on the right side of the original red line: "issuer: * x *". In order to make the document appear symmetrical, the text number should be shifted to the left accordingly. An important or widely involved must be issued by a deputy leader who is in charge or in charge of daily work.

(seven) title

The title of a document is located in the middle of the head, usually between the head and the title, with a red line as the difference mark. If there is no official document, the title should be placed in the middle of the red line under the name of the official letter.

The title of the document consists of three parts: the name of the issuing organ, the theme of the document, and the type of writing. For example, the decision of the State Council to strengthen the prevention and control of schistosomiasis, "the State Council" is the issuing organ, and the "strengthening of schistosomiasis control" is the reason; "decision" is a kind of literature. Generally speaking, prepositions are constructed by prepositions "concerning" and phrases expressing main contents.

When writing the title of a document, we should pay special attention to the following points:

1, the title of a document that is forwarded or forwarded is usually composed of three parts, namely, the title of the approval or forwarding organ, the official title and the type of document that have been forwarded or forwarded. For example, the State Council has passed the notice of the State Land Administration on the report of some local governments over land grant. To approve and forward the titles of official documents, we should eliminate the overlap of prepositions and languages, such as "notice" about "about" and "notice". At the same time, we should note that in addition to the approval of the regulatory document plus the title of the book, neither the title nor the title should be added.

2, the reasons should be concise and accurate summary of the main content of official documents. For example, the people's Government of a city has cleaned up the normative documents that have been made over the years, which should be abolished. There are dozens of items that should be abolished. If the title of these abolished normative documents is listed as the reason, it is obviously impossible. Even if only one is written, then the word "waiting" will be too long.

3, when writing the title, we must accurately select and mark the type of writing, and we can not create our own language.

4, the arrangement of the title should be symmetrical and beautiful. Apart from the word headline with fewer words, more than two rows can be arranged into pagoda shaped form, and can also be arranged in parallel or three parallel shapes. When changing, do not separate names, place names, official names, etc.

5. In the titles of official documents, there are no punctuation marks except for the use of titles. If the title is too long or needs to be suspended in the middle, it can be expressed by spaces or line breaks. For example:

The State Council depends on science and technology to revitalize agriculture.

(eight) main sending organ

Decision on strengthening the popularization of agricultural scientific and technological achievements

The main sending organ is the other organ that the dispatch organ requests to handle or reply to the official document. In addition to the documents issued directly to the society, the official document should generally write the name of the main sending organ before the front left heading of the title.

Ensure that the main sending authority should pay attention to:

1, the government departments should directly follow the next level of the people's government according to the authorization and authority of the government at the same level.

2, the official documents should be held in accordance with the principle of giving an organ to the principal organs, and should not be sent to the head. The authorities that are subject to double leadership should ask for instructions from the authorities. The main sending organs and the copying agencies should be written according to the contents, and the main sending organs shall be responsible for replying. Except for matters directly assigned by the leader, the instructions must not be sent directly to the leader.

3, approval of the lower level request, can only send the original request Agency (unit), to the relevant organs (units), copy.

4, the general sending document should be written by the main sending authority, such as the general document issued by the XXX Provincial People's government, and the main sending organ shall be written as the "municipal, county people's government, the administrative departments of various regions, and the units directly under the provincial government".

(nine) text

The text is the main body of official documents and the part reflecting the specific contents of official documents. After the main body is sent, the text is written in two spaces. (after writing)

(ten) Annex

Attachments are supplementary documents or materials which are added to the text according to the needs of the text. The annexes are attached to the text.

(eleven) seal

The seal is a symbol of authority. The addition of documents to official documents is the voucher for the authorities to confirm the validity of documents. The seal is stamped on the bottom right corner of the official document, which does not contain the text. The seal must be clear and correct. The joint reporting of illegal regulation documents shall be stamped by the principal organ, but the name of the issuer of the countersignature shall be indicated on the front page. All documents issued jointly should be stamped. The official document in the name of the Chief Executive shall have a post and signature signature. In the party's documents, there is a specific version of the general document issued by the head without the seal of the issuing organ. This is a great difference from the official documents of the State Administration.

(twelve) written time

Generally, the date of issue is marked on the lower right side of the text. The written time of a joint document shall be based on the issuing time of the last issuing organ leader. The documents discussed and discussed by the conference shall be based on the date of the meeting, and the names and times of the meetings shall be written, with the parentheses enclosed and marked under the official title.

(thirteen) annotations in notes HT are used to illustrate various matters which are inconvenient in other areas of official documents. If the terminology that needs to be explained, or used to express the scope of reading and usage of the official document, it should be marked in the following two spaces. Among them, the scope of reading is the stipulation of reading objects, and it is also enclosed by six angle brackets, such as [issued to the provincial military rank], [issued to the county regiment level].

(fourteen) Subject Headings (HT). The key words are made up of standardized words and languages, which are used to search for the theme and language of official documents in the future. The development of the official thesaurus is to provide convenience for the accurate selection of entries in the table and avoid randomness. The official documents specified in the report should be marked with the key words specified in the official Thesaurus of the higher authorities. The key word of a document should be at least two, usually not more than seven. For example, the official document of the State Council on deepening the work of deficit reduction and profit increase by enterprises has four themes: "enterprise", "operation", "efficiency" and "notice". From here, we can also conclude that thematic words must reflect the content characteristics and attribution categories of documents correctly and accurately, and should be hierarchical and not mix with headlines.

(fifteen) copy Office

The copy organization of migrant workers refers to the relevant organs that should not understand the contents of the document although they do not sponsor it. The name of the copy office should be written in two equal length parallel solid lines at the tail of the official document after the key words.

(sixteen) issuing organs and time

The issuing organ is the office of the issuing organ, and the printing time is usually printed on the thin line of the copy office.

The above document format elements should be arranged according to the regulations in a document, so as to show the seriousness of official documents. With the gradual realization of office automation, the formatting elements and arrangement are more strict and standardized. At the same time, some formatting elements will be added.

Three, the writing method of official document.

The text of drafting documents must meet the following requirements:

(1) conforming to the laws, regulations and rules of the state, and in line with the principles, policies and relevant provisions of the party and the state. If the new policy is proposed, it is practical and needs to be explained in another paper.

(two) the situation is indeed clear, clear, hierarchical, concise, neat, punctuated, and short.

(three) the names, place names, numbers and quotations are accurate. Time should be written in specific days, such as "1994" can not be written as "94 years".

(four) the figures in official documents should be consistent with the same document. In addition to the time of writing, the number of constituent parts, the ordinal number of parts, the words, phrases, idioms, abbreviations and rhetorical sentences, the Chinese characters must be used in Arabia.

(five) the ordinal number of structural hierarchy is successively "one", "(1)", "1" and "(1)".

(six) the official statutory units should be used in official documents.

(seven) to quote a document, the title should first be quoted, followed by a text number plus brackets.

(eight) the use of words is accurate and standard. When using abbreviation, the general name should be used and the abbreviation should be specified.

(nine) the official documents requested shall be written in one official document, and the report should not be entrapped.

There are mainly two ways to write the main body of official documents: first, to indicate purpose through narration and reasoning.

The lines of official documents are divided into ascending, parallel and downlink languages. In any case, the text of a document is usually written in three parts: narrative, reasoning, purpose (or conclusion). Narratives are facts. Reasoning is reason. Purpose (or conclusion) refers to what is required of the other person, or the conclusion of a particular matter. It should be stated through reasoning and reasoning. Specifically,

(1) writing written documents to the higher authorities for advice, generally speaking the situation first, then presenting their views, and finally making a request for approval by the higher authorities.

(two) to write declarative documents is usually to state the situation first, then to write the practice. Finally, please ask the leading organ or ask the superior to give instructions to the next step.

(three) writing official documents to the level organs, often asking for what things, and then according to what regulations, and finally asking for help to solve the problems to be solved.

(four) issuing indicative documents to lower level organs usually begins with what circumstances to write, and then how to solve them. Finally, specific measures are put forward to implement the lower levels.

(five) to write a duplicate text (reply to a document requesting a lower level), it is generally necessary to write down the opinions of the audit according to the matters to be solved in the written document, and finally require the lower level to be executed according to the approval.

Through narration and reasoning, the purpose is to investigate thoroughly, to grasp the situation, to analyze and study, to make the reasons adequate and the views correct. The purpose is not only to consider the actual needs, but also to consider the possibility. Therefore, the materials must be true and reliable, and the arguments are conclusive. Reasoning is in line with policies and guidelines. In this way, the purpose of official documents is clear and specific.

Second, the expression is concise, precise and clear.

Conciseness means conciseness and clarity. In addition to comprehensive reports, official documents are adopted as a system. In writing, we should repeatedly and seriously compress the text and remove unnecessary words. Longer official documents should also be "straight to the point". At the same time, official documents are more stringent than general articles. Its language is based on the principles of style and writing. It tries to be popular and can illustrate problems. No simplified Chinese characters are allowed. Its language must conform to grammar, and punctuation should be used correctly. It means accuracy and Appropriateness. The document must conform to the principle of accuracy, and it is logical to apply concepts, judgments and reasoning. In expression, we should pay attention to the correctness of content and the accuracy of form. From content to form, from textual structure to wording, it is highly balanced and unified with the theme.

Clearly, the layout of a document is as important as other articles. All long documents should be straight to the point. First of all, put forward the main points, that is, at the beginning, use the very short sentences to illustrate the purpose or conclusion of the full text. Then, make the necessary explanation. When a long official document is divided into several paragraphs, each paragraph should also adopt this method. When a document has several layers of meaning or several requirements, it must pay attention to hierarchy, distinguish levels, and indicate paragraphs and items in numbers. This will make the text of the official document clear and clear.

The second section of notification and letter writing

I. writing of notices

Notifications are the most frequently used language in official documents, usually belonging to the descending text. It applies to official documents that transfer to lower level organs, forwarded official documents of higher authorities and non subordinate organs, issued rules and regulations, communicated matters requiring the lower level organs to handle and matters that need to be known or jointly implemented by relevant units, and appointed and removed cadres.

(1) categories of notices

According to the function, the notice can be divided into the following categories:

1. Notice of dispatch

(1) the notification of the transfer shall be transferred to the lower level departments concerned by the higher authorities concerned, such as the reports and opinions of the subordinate organs. Case: Notice of the people's Government of the xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

(2) the forwarding notice shall transmit the incoming message to the higher authorities and the subordinate organs, and the organ shall transmit the notification to the relevant units at the lower level for execution. Case: the general office of the xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

3. Issuing notice shall issue all kinds of regulations and other materials made by the organization so as to produce direct administrative effectiveness. Case: Notice of the general office of the State Council on issuing "handling methods of official documents of state administrative organs".

2. Notification of notification

It is used to convey, understand and inform relevant matters or situations to the relevant units and departments. Such as appointment and removal or appointment of cadres, establishment or adjustment of institutions, opening or replacement of seals, relocation of offices and so on. Example: "notice on appointments and dismissal of four comrades, such as * * *"; "Notice of the general office of the State Council on establishing the office of the State Council to correct unhealthy trades in industry"; and the notice of the general office of the State Council on suspending the implementation of daylight saving time.

3. Notice of events

(1) the arrangement notice gives specific requirements to the lower authorities to assign tasks, assign jobs and make requests. Case: the State Council Circular on the work of cleaning up triangular debts nationwide.

(2) prescribe notice to the higher authorities to make clear provisions on specific matters that require lower level organs to carry out, so as to comply with them. Example: the Ministry of education's Ministry of finance issues a notice on changing the issue of life benefits for postgraduate students.

(3) the meeting notifications inform an organ or department that a meeting will be held, and that the relevant requirements of the meeting should be put forward. An announcement on the convening of the XX Symposium.

(two) writing of notices

1, heading

Under normal circumstances, the title of the three categories of notification is composed of three parts, namely, the issuing organ, the cause and the literature. Depending on the specific circumstances and contents, the issuing organ may omit, and it may also change "notice" to "preparatory notice", "formal notice", "urgent notice", etc. In the notice of dispatch, we should use the "approval", "forwarding" and "printing and issuing" accurately, issue the self-made statute instruments of this organ, and put forward the important rules that should be issued by "issuing", "issuing" and so on. In addition to the rules and regulations issued by the regulations, the rest do not use the titles and punctuation marks. It is necessary to deal with the Prepositional Structure and literary expressions caused by "relevant" in detail, and to stop repeating the words "about" and "notice".

2. The main sending organ.

According to the content of the notice, some should specify the name of the unit, and some belong to the general category. Although it is not a general document, it can also be collectively referred to by standardization.

3, text

Generally speaking, the reason, intention or purpose of the dispatch should be dealt with first, and then the specific matters, requirements, precautions and timeliness of the notice should be written.

In addition to the short space, most of the statements are in the form of clauses, that is to say, the contents are sorted according to certain logical criteria, so as to be clear and clear at a glance.

Due to the large number of notifications, there is a great discrepancy between the writing methods and the length of each body.

4, inscription

At the end of the text, the official seal will be signed at the bottom right side.

Two. Letter writing

The letter is parallel. It is applicable to mutual negotiation, inquiry and reply, or approval from the competent authorities. According to the initiative and passivity, there are differences between sending (going, asking) and replying letters. According to the form and specifications, the letter can also be divided into two categories: the official letter and the memorandum. Official letters and memorandums are both instruments for handling official duties, but the contents of public letters are often more important and involve exercising power. Therefore, the article is solemn and full of official document format. A memorandum is used for handling specific affairs between units and leaders. The format is like a general letter, without headings, no number of documents, no archival filing, and official seal.

(1) category of letter

This textbook specifically refers to the classification of official letters.

1, contact letter

(1) negotiate letters for units and organs to discuss with each other, arrange their work and entrust each other to handle a specific matter. Case: letter from the XX school concerning the transfer of work by Comrade XXX; the letter from the people's Court of XX County on the inspection of the estate dispute.

(2) the letter of inquiry is used for asking or answering questions between units and organs. Examples: "XXX provincial science and Technology Commission's letter on asking for the implementation of the conference on science and technology work in the whole province"; "reply to the general office of the Hubei Provincial People's Government on the issue of hanging the national emblem" by the general office of the State Council.

3. Notification letter

Take the initiative to inform the other party about the information, such as questions, opinions and circumstances. The letter of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on the supplementary results of the members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

2. Please accept the letter.

A letter of approval is required when applying to the competent authorities for approval. The "competent department" refers to the competent administrative unit which does not have administrative affiliation with the issuing organ, and the request for approval is limited to business matters only. Case: letter of the XXX x Journal on application for advertising license.

(two) letter writing

1, heading

The title of the letter is composed of three departments, namely, the issuing organ, the cause and the literary category. The issuing organ can generally omit the specific circumstances. The letter of the letter, whether it is a contact letter or a letter of approval, can be written as "letter", but it also has the word "official letter". Letters of reply are required, and letters of reply are required.

2. The main sending organ.

The top level writing organ is full name or standardized abbreviation. The main sending organ of the reply is the letter unit.

3, text

At the beginning of the opening letter, the reason or purpose of the letter should be briefly described; the date, symbol or title of the letter should be quoted at the beginning of the reply.

The main body sends a letter to clear the main items of negotiation, inquiry, notification, and approval; the reply should give specific and definite answers to the contents of the letter. Regardless of the contents of the letter or the main body of the reply, it is required to be clear, centralized and single.

The letter of the tail is generally written in the form of "special letter", "please reply" and so on. Tail language should be written according to contents and requirements.

The right part of the inscription is signed at the lower right and the official seal is added. In addition to doing a letter, the text also requires language appropriateness, depending on the content and direction of the text, and so on.

Third section report and request writing

I. writing of reports

The report is applicable to report to the higher authorities, reflect the situation, put forward opinions or suggestions, and reply to the inquiry of the higher authorities.

(1) categories of reports

1. Notification Report

This is a report that reports directly to the higher authorities and reflects the situation. According to the specific content and nature, it can be divided into two types: comprehensive report and special report.

(1) the comprehensive report is a comprehensive report to the higher authorities that the Department has worked in a comprehensive way or a few aspects in a period of time. Case: report on the implementation of the 95 plan in * * city.

(II) a special report is a report on a job, a problem or a certain situation to a superior, often having the characteristics of quick reporting and prompt reporting. Example: the report on the market arrangement of new year's Spring Festival.

2, submit a report

This is to report the work situation to the higher authorities, put forward opinions and suggestions, and request that the report be forwarded to the relevant departments or regions for the implementation of the report. Case: report of the Ministry of forestry on strengthening the management of wildlife protection.

3, reply Report

This is a report for answering the superior's inquiry or reporting the result of the assignment. The response report is often a response to some important issues, and answers to general questions are answered. Example: the report on the situation of "supporting the army and the superior" is a reply report on the special activities carried out before the founding of the army.

(two) report writing

1, heading

The title of the report is usually composed of reasons and languages.

2. The main sending organ.

The main sending organ should be the subordinate organ of the issuing organ.

3, text

The main body consists of three parts: report cause, report item and report speech. The reason why the report mainly explains the cause, reason or purpose of the report is the beginning of the text; the main contents of the main body of the report, such as the basic situation, measures and methods, results and problems, experiences and lessons, opinions and suggestions, plans and assumptions, and so on, are reported. In the case of a transitional report, it is suggested that "if the above report is correct, please turn it over to all parts of the country."

4, inscription

The text ends and the official seal is signed at the bottom right.

Two. Writing for instructions

The request is applicable to the higher level for instructions and approval.

(1) categories of requesting instructions

1. Request instructions

If we do not understand the relevant policies, regulations, directives and so on, it is difficult to deal with the major problems arising from the work or some new situations and new problems according to the original regulations; there is a disagreement between different organs on the work of a certain work, and we need to consult the same higher authorities for rulings, all of which are policy requests for instructions from the higher authorities. Example: "instructions for determining the administrative level of universities in * * city".

2. Request for approval

It is impossible for the lower level organs involved in economy, establishment, materials and personnel to decide or solve their functions within their terms of reference; for the units whose special reasons can not be carried out according to the unified regulations, they are all required to be examined and approved by the higher authorities. Example: request for funds for * * construction projects.

(two) the way to ask for instructions

1, heading

The title of the request is usually composed of two parts, the subject and the language.

2. The main sending organ.

It should be the subordinate organ at the higher level of the issuing organ, and it can only send a superior organ to the office. If a dual leadership organ asks the higher authorities for instructions, the main sending organ and the copy office organ shall be written, and the main sending organ shall be responsible for replying. According to the subordinate relationship, they should be instruct step by step. They should not ask for instructions. They should be copied to the higher authorities at the same time.

3, text

The main body of the request is composed of three parts: the origin of the request, the request and the end of the request. The cause of the request is generally explained first, the purpose and basis of the article, and the necessity of asking for advice. It is necessary to prepare for the presentation of the request. The request is the core content of the request. It requires clear and specific points, and is consistent with policies and regulations. It is also constructive and feasible.

4, inscription

The text ends and the official seal is signed at the bottom right.

(three) comparison of reports and requests

Same points: (1) both belong to ascending language. In order to urge the leading cadres at all levels to perform their duties conscientiously, they are fully responsible for the written language. The report and the home page of the report must be marked with the issuer. Normally, the title of the report and the request can be omitted from the issuing organ.

Different points: (1) the nature and the purpose of the article are different. The report is a declarative document. Its purpose is to report the work, reflect the situation, put forward opinions and suggestions, answer questions and so on. Therefore, it does not require the higher authorities to reply. The request is a petition document. Its purpose is to ask for instructions or to examine and approve, and the higher authorities need to give a reply. (2) the higher authorities should deal with different principles, and the higher authorities should only reply when they think it is necessary. 3. Although the space is different in capacity, it also advocates one thing and one thing for the report. However, it is obvious that the comprehensive report is more than a few articles and has a long space. 4. When the time is different, the report is feasible in advance, in fact and after the fact.